This article attempts to review and explicate Planning ETHICS concept, largely as articulated by exponents of the practical ETHICS, in terms of the planning theory. The paper can be read in a sequence of a larger argument about planning ETHICS and it makes more urgent the existing critiques of planning theories without ethical direction. We develop – based on thematic analysis method-how PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CODES in planning produce important issues that must be considered. So at the very core of the article is an attempt to recompose of the ethical view about planning tactics in the decision-making process, to break out from idealism of conventional planning theory to make space for the insights of realistic thinking about planner behavior. The article argues therefore that the idea of problem-oriented ETHICS in planning can go realized.

Background: The present study focuses on the importance of observing PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CODES by global media. The main objective of this study is to emphasize the necessity of providing ethical CODES for global media. Global media ETHICS aims at developing a comprehensive set of principles and standards for the practice of journalism in age of globalization. This study has reviewed the main interrelated theory regarding ETHICS, morality and media. The media ETHICS CODES of different countries have been examined under the research. The study findings show that the ETHICS dominating the media of each country comes from the values, norms, and code of conduct existing in that society; accordingly, there is a direct relationship between media ETHICS code and the values and norms of a society or culture. Conclusion: Based on the study’ s literature review, theoretical framework and the comparison analysis of the different media ETHICS CODES, the article introduces an applicable ethical guideline and the main strategic PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CODES for global media.

Introduction: From a long time ago, benefiting from technology has been an inevitable thing for human interests, which is born and based on science. It can be claimed that there is harmony between ETHICS, science and technology, which promote each other. In this article, the researcher discusses this harmony and compatibility. Material and Methods: The current review study was descriptive and using the study of sources and research keywords among the books and articles published in the databases of Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med. Conclusion: As science and technology continue to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, ethical considerations become increasingly important. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised questions about the potential implications of creating machines that can make autonomous decisions and take actions. If science and technology were considered as a tool, it should have been able to subjugate humans and influence all aspects of behavior and values. While it has become a problem that eventually becomes aligned with morality by applying reason, and people now seek help from it as a tool.

The advances in science and technology in recent decades, especially in medical sciences, have raised new ethical challenges. Hence, PROFESSIONAL organizations in the field of medical science are trying to develop regulations in the field of medical ETHICS to help medical science PROFESSIONALs in making the best decisions in different circumstances and moral dilemmas. The organizations also try to monitor their performance using those regulations. On the other hand, due to the specialization of medical science as well as the complexity of communication between these disciplines, there is a growing need for regulations to answer questions and resolve the challenges of each discipline. Certainly, scientific societies, due to benefit from relevant specialists, are the best reference for the development of specialized guidelines, one of which is the Iranian Society of Asthma and Allergy (ISAA). The aim of the current study was to develop CODES of ETHICS for ISAA members, using a qualitative study. Generally, the ISAA CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS consists of general and specific sections. In order to compile the general section, the upstream medical documents, including the patients' rights charter in Iran, the research ETHICS guidelines approved by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), ethical CODES from the international societies of asthma and allergy, the general CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS of the Iran Medical Council and the Islamic jurisprudential rules and the statute law of the country were used. To develop specific sections, we interviewed the experts in the field of Asthma and Allergy about the ethical challenges they had ever faced with. The ISAA CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS developed in five chapters, entitled "Ethical Guidelines for the Mangers and Director of the Society, General Guidelines, Specific Guidelines, Ethical Guidelines for Research and Education, and Procedure for Supervision on the PROFESSIONAL Behavior of the ISAA Members", and approved by the board of directors of ISAA.

The present study compares psychologists' PROFESSIONAL CODES of ETHICS in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia. The study population consisted of all countries with PROFESSIONAL CODES of ETHICS, of which, America, Canada, Britain, Australia, and Iran were purposively selected due to their progressiveness in the development of PROFESSIONAL CODES of ETHICS, and their ethical principles and standards were compared. The results obtained showed that with the exception of Iran and America, all CODES studied had defined the basic concepts and terminologies after introduction. In addition, they all contained two main sections, namely, general principles and standards. The general principles were almost the same and common in these CODES, and included respect for people's dignity, accountability, integrity, no discrimination or injustice, philanthropy, and avoidance of harm. The ethical standards in Iran’ s and America's CODES appear independently from the general principles. Meanwhile, the standards are presented under relevant ethical principles in the Australian, Canadian, and British CODES. Iran's standards of ethical CODES almost exactly match those of America's, and the only difference is in the order of presenting standards of "Accountability" and "Storing registered information and fees" and the extent of explanations and details. According to the present study, the following changes can contribute to a greater understanding and practicability of Iran's Code of ETHICS: Providing definitions and explanations for specialized terminologies and general principles, adding more details to standards and considering local culture and religion.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ETHICS in agriculture and ETHICS of agriculture. ETHICS in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ETHICS of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ETHICS. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

The status of reproductive health services has depended on economic, justice and ETHICS issues. The sexual and reproductive health of women is often violated, not necessarily because of inadequate of medical knowledge, but rather as a result of essential infringements of women’s human rights despite of universally agreement on. Nowadays there has been increasing public concern regarding the ethical performance of health care PROFESSIONALs, so PROFESSIONAL CODES of ETHICS should provide several principles including ethical responsibility and obligation, consequences of performance, values, attitudes and cultural backgrounds in health care services. Developing and updating PROFESSIONAL CODES of ETHICS is a necessity and it could draw an appropriate ethical guideline in reproductive health services.

Background: Understanding the principles of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS is crucial for physiotherapists as it equips them to navigate ethical dilemmas effectively. This study aimed to assess the awareness level of physiotherapists in Shiraz regarding the ethical principles outlined in the CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS within the field of physiotherapy.Method: To carry out this cross-sectional study, a checklist comprising 20 items was developed and distributed to 163 physiotherapists practicing in Shiraz. Each item was scored using a 5-point Likert scale. The checklist allowed for a maximum score of 100 and a minimum score of 20.Results: Out of the 163 physiotherapists approached, 109 completed the checklist. The mean score this study's participating physiotherapists achieved was 80.1 ± 6.5. The mean score showed correlations with both age (rs=0.9, p < 0.001) and clinical experience (rs=0.32, p < 0.001) of the physiotherapists. No significant differences were observed in the level of awareness of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CODES between genders (p = 0.99) or among those working in private, public, or mixed sectors (p = 0.39). Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the awareness level of Shiraz physiotherapists regarding the CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS is generally good. However, certain CODES may benefit from further training and emphasis.

Introduction: Compliance with ethical principles is one of the main components in midwifery profession, affecting the personal, PROFESSIONAL and social performance of midwives. Given the fact that adhering to PROFESSIONAL ETHICS leads to the accountability of the healthcare team, the study aimed to determine the observance of CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS in midwifery by midwives working in gynecology and maternity wards and some related factors in hospitals affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 42 midwives working in maternity wards and 31 midwives working in gynecology wards of hospitals affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was a self-report questionnaire consisting of two sections, including demographic characteristics and a researcher-made questionnaire based on CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS using a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 18) using independent t-test, Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients, and one-way analysis of variance. Moreover, P-value below 0.05 was considered significant.Results: In this research, mean score of adhering to PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CODES in midwives working in maternity wards was 80.5±14.7, whereas it was 85.1±12.02 in midwives in gynecology wards. According to the results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient, a direct association was observed between the mean score of compliance with the ethical CODES and knowledge about the midwifery CODES of PROFESSIONAL ETHICS (P=0.02, r= 0.273).Conclusion: Results of the study emphasized the need to increase training courses on midwifery code of ETHICS for midwives working in maternity and gynecology wards.